The government often overshoots on its economic goals and borrowed in excess of its initial 2025 plan last year. Indeed, Goldman Sachs Group Inc has predicted that the Saudis will issue a record US$25 billion of international debt this year, while Bank of America has said it sees stronger diversification of the funding mix into instruments such as syndicated loans.
For 2026, Saudi Arabia said the focus will be on dollar-denominated debt, with flexibility to issue in other currencies. Still, net issuance in the greenback is expected to drop, it added.
Saudi Arabia has widely telegraphed plans to continue borrowing to plug a fiscal gap stemming from a combination of lower oil revenues and elevated spending on Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman’s US$2 trillion economic diversification agenda. But Finance Minister Mohammed Al-Jadaan hinted recently that the kingdom could take a more cautious stance on the pace of issuance, saying the sovereign is “very careful” not to oversupply the market.
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The kingdom’s financing needs grew in 2025, coinciding with a projected budget deficit of more than 5% of gross domestic product (GDP). The fiscal shortfall this year is projected to contract to 3.3% of GDP.
More than half of the 401 billion riyals (US$107 billion) of total financing activities last year were done via private markets, while less than 20% was made up of international sales, according to the NDMC. The rest was via local public markets.
Similarly for 2026, the government intends to tap private markets for as much as 50% of its total expected total financing needs of about US$58 billion. The remainder will be financed through a mix of international and local markets.
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